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= login =
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Introduction
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In computer security, logging in (or logging on, signing in, or
signing on) is the process by which an individual gains access to a
computer system or program by identifying and authenticating
themselves.
Typically, user credentials consist of a username and a password.
These credentials themselves are sometimes referred to as 'a' login.
..
Modern secure systems often require a second factor, such as email or
SMS confirmation for extra security. Social login allows a user to use
an existing cell phone number or user credentials from another email
or social networking service to sign in or create an account on a new
website.
When access is no longer needed, the user can log out, log off, sign
out or sign off.
Procedure
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Logging in is usually used to enter a specific page, website, platform
or application, which trespassers cannot see.
Once the user is logged in, the login token may be used to track what
actions the user has taken while connected to the site.
Logging out may be performed when the user takes an action, such as
entering an appropriate command or clicking on an external link. It
can also be done implicitly, such as by the user powering off their
workstation, closing a web browser window, leaving a website, or not
refreshing a website within a defined period.
A login page may have a return URL parameter, which specifies where to
redirect back after logging in or out. For example, it is returnto= on
this site.
In the case of websites that use cookies to track sessions, when the
user logs out, session-only cookies from that site will usually be
deleted from the user's computer. In addition, the server invalidates
any associations with the session, thereby making any session handle
in the user's cookie store useless.
This feature comes in handy if the user is using a public computer or
a computer that is using a public wireless connection. As a security
precaution, one should not rely on implicit means of logging out of a
system, especially not on a public computer; instead, one should
explicitly log out and wait for confirmation that this request has
taken place.
Logging out of a computer, when leaving it is a common security
practice preventing unauthorized users from tampering with it. Some
people choose to have a password-protected screensaver set to activate
after some period of inactivity, thereby requiring the user to
re-enter their login credentials to unlock the screensaver and gain
access to the system.
Methods of Logging In
They include:
* Image recognition
* Fingerprints scanning
* eye scan
* face scan
* passwords (oral or textual input)
History and etymology
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The terms "login" and "logon" became common with the time sharing
systems of the 1960s and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) in the 1970s.
Early home computers and personal computers did not generally require
them until Windows NT, OS/2 and Linux in the 1990s.
The term 'login' comes from the verb '(to) log in' and by analogy with
the verb 'to clock in'.
Computer systems keep a 'log' of users' access to the system. The term
"log" comes from the chip log which was historically used to record
distance traveled at sea and was recorded in a ship's log or logbook.
To 'sign in' connotes the same idea but is based on the analogy of
manually signing a log book or visitor's book.
While there is no agreed difference in meaning between the terms
'login', 'logon' and 'sign'-'in', different technical communities tend
to prefer one over another - Unix, Novell, Linux, and Apple typically
use 'login', and Apple's style guide says '"Users log in to a file
server (not log on to)...".'
By contrast, Microsoft's style guides traditionally suggested the
opposite and prescribed 'log on' and 'logon'.
In the past, Microsoft reserved 'sign-in' to access the Internet, but
from Windows 8 onward it has moved to the 'sign-in' terminology for
local authentication.
See also
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* Computer security
* Credential lag
* Login session
* Login spoofing
* OpenID
* Password
* Password policy
* Personal identification number
* /var/log/wtmp
License
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All content on Gopherpedia comes from Wikipedia, and is licensed under CC-BY-SA
License URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Original Article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/login
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